Stick Representation of Acetazolamide Bound to its Human Target Enzyme
Structures of GH3 Protein Binding Sites in Arabidopsis thaliana
Switchgrass with Microbes
Termite Microbes
Poplar Leaf
Expressing the Genome in Bacterial Cells
Climate Processes
Expressing the Genome in Plant Cells
Caldicellulosirupter bescii on Birchwood Xylan
Miscanthus Plot
Bioenergy Crop Research at BESC
Dissolving Cell-Wall Compounds with Ionic Liquids
Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center Fields
Research on Bioenergy Crop Sustainability
Carbon and Nitrogen Cycles
Carbon Cycling and Biosequestration
Nitrogen Cycle
Scales and Processes of the Global Carbon Cycle
Oceanic Carbon Capture
From Cell to Protein
Genome Sequence Trace
Biomass Feedstock Switchgrass
Biomass Feedstock Poplar
Biomass Feedstock Corn Stover
Miscanthus Growth over a Single Growing Season in Illinois
Imaging Techniques
Fragment of a Cellulose Molecule
Thylakoids in Green Algae and Cyanobacteria
Photosynthetic Electron Transport Chain
Carbon Transformation
Chromosome 1
Chromosome 10
Chromosome 11
Chromosome 20
Chromosome 21
Chromosome 22
Chromosome X
Chromosome Y
Chromosome 19
Chromosome 18
Chromosome 17
Chromosome 16
Chromosome 15
Chromosome 14
Chromosome 12
Chromosome 13
Chromosome 8
Chromosome 2
Chromosome 3
Chromosome 4
Chromosome 5
Chromosome 6
Chromosome 7
Chromosome 9
Categories of Global Omics
DNA Replication
Genome and Health
Mouse and Human Genetic Similarities
DOE-Supported Human Subjects Research
2024
Selecting an IRB. Human subjects research conducted or funded by DOE can be reviewed by three types of institutional review boards: central DOE IRBs, DOE and NNSA site IRBs, and non-DOE IRBs.
BERIS
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Human Subjects in Energy Technology and Policy Research
Sharing Responsibilities. Though each entity involved in human subjects research has a unique role, they must collaborate in a framework of shared responsibilities to protect participants.
BERIS
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Human Subjects in Energy Technology and Policy Research
Incorporating Stakeholder Input Facilitates Robust Project Design. Human subjects research requires a robust scope, timeline, and budget, which can be accomplished by being proactive and incorporating stakeholder input.
BERIS
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Human Subjects in Energy Technology and Policy Research
Overview of the DOE/NNSA Human Subjects Protection Program’s (HSPP) Primary Responsibilities. HSPP reviews, educates, guides, and partners with all DOE and NNSA sites conducting human subjects research to ultimately promote research and protect participants.
BERIS
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Human Subjects in Energy Technology and Policy Research
Belmont Report Core Principles. The Belmont Report outlines three core principles—respect for persons, beneficence, and justice—that institutional review boards use to evaluate human subjects research.
BERIS
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Human Subjects in Energy Technology and Policy Research
Research regulations and standards have evolved throughout history. Unethical treatment of research participants led to the ethical principles outlined in the Belmont Report. These principles underpin the federal regulations in the Common Rule that govern research practices today.
BERIS
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Human Subjects in Energy Technology and Policy Research
The protocol helps the IRB determine if a study meets the regulatory criteria for approval, but it can also be a tool to help with research design. Working through the basic protocol components outlined here can help researchers think through and develop a project plan as well as anticipate and prepare for a variety of issues they may not have previously considered.
BERIS adapted from Cecilia Brooke Cholka.
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Human Subjects in Energy Technology and Policy Research
Community members may face various barriers to research participation, but taking steps to reduce these barriers helps ensure equitable selection of participants.
BERIS
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Human Subjects in Energy Technology and Policy Research
The ability to apply transformation and editing technologies to bioenergy crops has remained largely unrealized. Most DOE-relevant bioenergy crops also present unique challenges to plant transformation. Identifying potential crop-specific needs of bioenergy species, along with those of model plants and food crops could serve as a starting point for developing a more comprehensive community solution for advancing transformation and editing technologies across crops.
Poplar trees courtesy Oak Ridge National Laboratory.
Documents this image has appeared in:
Overcoming Barriers in Plant Transformation
Sorghum, a key bioenergy and bioproduct feedstock, is harvested at the 320-acre Illinois Energy Farm.
Sorghum courtesy Center for Advanced Bioenergy Bioproducts and Innovation.
Documents this image has appeared in:
Bioenergy Research Centers 2020 Update, Breaking the Bottleneck of Genomes, Overcoming Barriers in Plant Transformation
The ability to apply transformation and editing technologies to bioenergy crops has remained largely unrealized. Most DOE-relevant bioenergy crops also present unique challenges to plant transformation. Identifying potential crop-specific needs of bioenergy species, along with those of model plants and food crops could serve as a starting point for developing a more comprehensive community solution for advancing transformation and editing technologies across crops.
Miscanthus courtesy Jeremy Schmutz, HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology.
Documents this image has appeared in:
Overcoming Barriers in Plant Transformation
The ability to apply transformation and editing technologies to bioenergy crops has remained largely unrealized. Most DOE-relevant bioenergy crops also present unique challenges to plant transformation. Identifying potential crop-specific needs of bioenergy species, along with those of model plants and food crops could serve as a starting point for developing a more comprehensive community solution for advancing transformation and editing technologies across crops.
Camelina courtesy Michigan State University.
Documents this image has appeared in:
Overcoming Barriers in Plant Transformation
BER research seeks to understand the fundamental biological, biogeochemical, and physical principles needed to predict a continuum of processes occurring across scales, from molecules and genomes at the smallest scales to environmental and Earth system change at the largest scales.
To understand how plants respond to various environments, Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) researchers have mapped gene expression in plants that use different photosynthesis strategies. Here, blue edges show positive correlations in gene expression between Kalanchoë genes (dark green nodes) and pineapple genes (yellow nodes). Red edges show negative correlations between gene expression in Kalanchoë and pineapple and in Arabidopsis (light green nodes), a model plant that uses a different photosynthesis strategy.
Image courtesy of Daniel Jacobson, Oak Ridge National Laboratory.
Modeling and Engineering Complex Biological Systems in the Bioenergy Research Paradigm
2023
Numerous outcomes (circles at top) can be realized by pursuing fundamental and applied artificial intelligence and machine learning (AI/ML) research and tool development specific to the bioenergy research paradigm, including high-quality data, AI/ML algorithms, and laboratory automation (green box at center). Successful projects will include transferability and human centricity features (yellow left and right boxes) which are fundamental to disruptive changes in the bioenergy field.
BERIS
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Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning for Bioenergy
Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning Functions Can Speed High-Performance Computing. The National
Virtual Biotechnology Laboratory project on molecular therapeutics created an integrated computational and experimental platform for designing COVID-19 therapeutics.
Courtesy Oak Ridge National Laboratory.
Documents this image has appeared in:
Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning for Bioenergy
Proposed Network of Energy Sustainability Testbeds Scales
2022
These testbeds comprise a suite of strategically distributed study sites chosen to span a range of scales, each relevant to a particular energy strategy and associated air-water-land forcing. Each testbed could be used for experiments, observations, and modeling to address a unique set of questions. Synthesis across the testbeds could offer an unprecedented opportunity for advancing the fundamental knowledge and tools needed to develop a range of resilient and interconnected energy strategies.
Bottom left image: Soil aggregate illustration to right of black arrow modified from Jastrow, J. D., and R. M. Miller. 1998. “Soil Aggregate Stabilization and Carbon Sequestration: Feedbacks Through Organomineral Associations,” In Soil Processes and the Carbon Cycle. 207–23. Eds. Lal, R., et al. CRC Press LLC, Boca Raton, Florida. Farm field courtesy U.S. Department of Energy’s Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center. Urban landscape courtesy iStockphoto. California map on left courtesy California Energy Commission. California map on right courtesy California Department of Water Resources. U.S. national power grid map courtesy Federal Emergency Management Agency.
Documents this image has appeared in:
BERAC International Benchmarking: U.S. Scientific Leadership, Grand Challenges for BER: Progress and Future Vision
Small-Molecule Design: The Molecular Design team identified two small-molecule inhibitors for the viral proteases PLpro and 3CLpro. Shown here is the 3CLpro inhibitor (multicolor, right).
Courtesy Oak Ridge National Laboratory.
Documents this image has appeared in:
BERAC International Benchmarking: U.S. Scientific Leadership
Poplar Plants and the Advanced Plant Phenotyping Laboratory
2022
The Advanced Plant Phenotyping Laboratory will gather multiple plant phenotypes at high throughput, generating terabytes of data. The poplar plants are grown on a conveyor belt in a greenhouse and sent for regular automated imaging.
Courtesy Center for Bioenergy Innovation.
Documents this image has appeared in:
Bioenergy Research Centers 2022 Update
Crosscutting and Multiscale Approach. Biodesign lies at the core of the Genomic Science Program’s three primary research focus areas: Bioenergy, Environmental Microbiome, and Biosystems Design. Plant scientists tend to tobacco plants, an important research tool for transient genetic transformation and protein expression. Pictured are Jillian Curran and her mentor Chien-Yuan “Kevin” Lin from the Biotech Partners Student Interns at Emery Station East.
Courtesy Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory.
Documents this image has appeared in:
BERAC International Benchmarking: U.S. Scientific Leadership
GLBRC researcher Trey Sato monitors yeast cultures in his lab at the University of Wisconsin–Madison. Sato and colleagues have engineered yeast to feast on a previously unpalatable sugar, potentially improving the microorganism’s ability to convert sugars to specialty biofuels.
Courtesy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center.
Documents this image has appeared in:
Bioenergy Research Centers 2022 Update
CBI’s process follows either one of two conversion paths from sustainable, process-advantaged feedstocks to sustainable aviation fuels (SAFs). In one path (top), carbon-efficient conversion occurs via consolidated bioprocessing (CBP) with cotreatment in which carbohydrates are converted first. Fermentation intermediates are then catalytically upgraded, and lignin-enriched residuals are deconstructed and deoxygenated into SAF blendstocks. In an alternate path (bottom), carbon-efficient conversion occurs via a reductive catalytic fractionation (RCF) process in which lignin in whole biomass is converted to RCF oil that is then deoxygenated to SAF blendstocks. Carbohydrate-enriched residuals are subsequently deconstructed and converted to fermentation intermediates via CBP and then catalytically upgraded into SAF blendstocks.
Courtesy Center for Bioenergy Innovation.
Documents this image has appeared in:
Bioenergy Research Centers 2022 Update
Udaya Kalluri, a senior staff scientist at Oak Ridge National Laboratory, examines naturally varying greenhouse-grown poplar genotypes. Greenhouse and field trials enable researchers to measure important phenotypes of growth, composition, and sustainability.
Courtesy Center for Bioenergy Innovation.
Documents this image has appeared in:
Bioenergy Research Centers 2022 Update
Joint BioEnergy Institute (JBEI) jbei.org
Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center (GLBRC) glbrc.org
Center for Bioenergy Innovation (CBI) cbi.ornl.gov
Center for Advanced Bioenergy and Bioproducts Innovation (CABBI) cabbi.bio
U.S. DOE.
Documents this image has appeared in:
Bioenergy Research Centers 2022 Update
DOE Bioenergy Research Center Strategies at a Glance
2022
Sustainability, feedstock development, deconstruction and separation, and conversion are the four challenges addressed by the Bioenergy Research Centers.
BERIS
Documents this image has appeared in:
BERAC International Benchmarking: U.S. Scientific Leadership
Miscanthus and sorghum root samples are analyzed for biomass and distribution patterns at the Illinois Energy Farm, and those data are evaluated alongside carbon and nitrogen cycling data.
Center for Advanced Bioenergy and Bioproducts Innovation.
Documents this image has appeared in:
BERAC International Benchmarking: U.S. Scientific Leadership, Bioenergy Research Centers 2020 Update
Researchers at the Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center determined where mixed-linkage glucan (MLG), a polymer of glucose, is produced in grasses and which genes are responsible for that production.
Researchers expressed BdTHX1 (red, immunolabeling), a transcription factor that plays an important role in the production and restructuring of MLG, inside the elongating leaf and leaf sheath of the model bioenergy grass Brachypodium.
Courtesy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center.
Documents this image has appeared in:
BERAC International Benchmarking: U.S. Scientific Leadership
Biodesign Scientists in Laboratory Study Agar Plates
2022
Crosscutting and Multiscale Approach. Biodesign lies at the core of the Genomic Science Program’s three primary research focus areas: Bioenergy, Environmental Microbiome, and Biosystems Design. Here, Nurgul Kaplan (left) and Garima Goyal examine microbial colonies on agar plates in front of an automated microbial transformation-plating and colony-picking robot. The two scientists work in the Robots Room on DNA construction and robotics at the Agile BioFoundry.
Courtesy Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory.
Documents this image has appeared in:
BERAC International Benchmarking: U.S. Scientific Leadership
Federica Brandizzi (right), a Michigan State University (MSU) Foundation professor and Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center science director, and SangJin Kim, an MSU research assistant professor and GLBRC researcher, examine research crops.
Courtesy Michigan State University.
Documents this image has appeared in:
Bioenergy Research Centers 2022 Update
National Renewable Energy Laboratory scientists engineered the bacterium Pseudomonas putida to rapidly turn lignin in corn leaves, stalks, and cobs into the building block for making more sustainable nylon.
National Renewable Energy Laboratory and Center for Bioenergy Innovation.
Documents this image has appeared in:
Bioenergy Research Centers 2022 Update
Developing Better Plants for Biofuels. Building a successful lignocellulosic biofuels industry depends, in part, on developing specialized biofuel crops that are optimized for deconstruction into sugars and fermentation into biofuels and bioproducts. Pictured is sorghum, a bioenergy crop being grown at the University of California–Davis, a JBEI partner. The sorghum flowers are bagged to prevent pollen exchange.
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory.
Documents this image has appeared in:
BERAC International Benchmarking: U.S. Scientific Leadership, Bioenergy Research Centers 2020 Update
Characterizing Plant-Microbe Interfaces. This confocal image shows the microbial isolate Variovorax CF313 (green) colonizing transgenic Populus PdKOR roots. Better understanding of the symbiotic relationships between organisms can help researchers engineer hardier bioenergy crops and more productive ecosystems.
Courtesy Oak Ridge National Laboratory.
Documents this image has appeared in:
BERAC International Benchmarking: U.S. Scientific Leadership
Developing Better Plants for Biofuels. Building a successful lignocellulosic biofuels industry depends, in part, on developing specialized, high-yielding biofuel crops that incorporate traits for optimized deconstruction, conversion, and sustainability. Pictured here, the bioenergy crop sorghum is being grown at the University of California–Davis, a JBEI partner.
BER research spans a broad range of natural systems. These systems are not only structurally and spatially complex, with many different interacting parts spanning molecular to global scales, they also are dynamically complex, encompassing processes that occur over time scales ranging from nanoseconds to centuries.
BERIS
Documents this image has appeared in:
BERAC International Benchmarking: U.S. Scientific Leadership
Proposed Network of Energy Sustainability Testbeds Scales (With Text)
2022
These testbeds comprise a suite of strategically distributed study sites chosen to span a range of scales, each relevant to a particular energy strategy and associated air-water-land forcing. Each testbed could be used for experiments, observations, and modeling to address a unique set of questions. Synthesis across the testbeds could offer an unprecedented opportunity for advancing the fundamental knowledge and tools needed to develop a range of resilient and interconnected energy strategies.
Bottom left image: Soil aggregate illustration to right of black arrow modified from Jastrow, J. D., and R. M. Miller. 1998. “Soil Aggregate Stabilization and Carbon Sequestration: Feedbacks Through Organomineral Associations,” In Soil Processes and the Carbon Cycle. 207–23. Eds. Lal, R., et al. CRC Press LLC, Boca Raton, Florida. Farm field courtesy U.S. Department of Energy’s Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center. Urban landscape courtesy iStockphoto. California map on left courtesy California Energy Commission. California map on right courtesy California Department of Water Resources. U.S. national power grid map courtesy Federal Emergency Management Agency.
Documents this image has appeared in:
BERAC International Benchmarking: U.S. Scientific Leadership, Grand Challenges for BER: Progress and Future Vision
Scanning electron micrograph images of wild and laboratory-evolved Yarrowia lipolytica grown in a high concentration of ionic liquid. The evolved strain’s outer membrane displays much less disruption.
Courtesy University of Tennessee.
Documents this image has appeared in:
BERAC International Benchmarking: U.S. Scientific Leadership, Biological Systems Science Division 2021 Strategic Plan
Inside the DOE Joint Genome Institute’s Integrative Genomics Building. Closeup view of an Agilent Technologies metabolite analysis instrument. Mass spectrometry enables the analysis of complex samples for semi-quantitative and quantitative measurements and detection of novel secondary metabolites.
Courtesy DOE Joint Genome Institute.
Documents this image has appeared in:
Biological Systems Science Division 2021 Strategic Plan
Fluorescence in situ hybridization image of the endobacteria Mycoavidus sp. in the fungus Mortierella elongata. Cyan: M. elongata nuclei; magenta: M. elongata mitochondria 16S rRNA; yellow: Mycoavidus sp. 16S rRNA. Scientists use such bioimaging techniques to understand the mechanisms driving the interactions and functions of soil bacteria and fungi.
Courtesy Los Alamos National Laboratory.
Documents this image has appeared in:
Biological Systems Science Division 2021 Strategic Plan
Biological Systems Science Division researchers are developing quantum imaging modalities, such as the three-dimensional quantum microscope illustrated here, which will use entangled photon pairs to obtain information beyond standard fluorescence or scattering measurements.
Courtesy Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory.
Documents this image has appeared in:
Biological Systems Science Division 2021 Strategic Plan
Persistence Control of Engineered Functions in Complex Soil Microbiomes
2021
Led by Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), the Persistence Control project uses the mechanisms of genome reduction and metabolic addiction to drive secure rhizosphere community design for robust biomass crops. This is one of several new national laboratory projects in secure biosystems design supported by BSSD.
Courtesy Pacific Northwest National Laboratory.
Documents this image has appeared in:
Biological Systems Science Division 2021 Strategic Plan
Biological Systems Science Division relies on stakeholders and the research community to inform its vision, with these inputs all feeding back into each other in a dynamic interplay that helps to prioritize the research portfolio.
BERIS
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Biological Systems Science Division 2021 Strategic Plan
Biological and Environmental Research program researchers and facilities produce a wealth of data for predictively understanding complex biological systems. To fully leverage this data, Biological Systems Science Division is supporting integrative computational and data science platforms to facilitate community access, analysis, and sharing of omics, imaging, and other data types.
Courtesy Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory.
Documents this image has appeared in:
Biological Systems Science Division 2021 Strategic Plan
Biological Systems Science Division’s three primary research areas in genomic sciences—Bioenergy Research, Biosystems Design, and Environmental Microbiome Research—are supported by a suite of user facilities and enabling capabilities in computational biology and biomolecular characterization and imaging science.
BERIS.
Documents this image has appeared in:
Biological Systems Science Division 2021 Strategic Plan
Outer Membrane Vesicle (OMV) Secretion During Lignin Breakdown. Scanning electron microscopy image of Pseudomonas putida after 72 hours of cultivation in lignin-rich media showing OMVs blebbing from the outer membrane.
National Renewable Energy Laboratory.
Documents this image has appeared in:
Bioenergy Research Centers 2020 Update
Center for Bioenergy Innovation is generating commercially attractive products from lignin residues, thereby increasing the cost effectiveness of biofuels and bioproducts. One example is these lignin-derived pellets, which can be used to create three-dimensional objects through computer-controlled printing.
Courtesy Oak Ridge National Laboratory.
Documents this image has appeared in:
Bioenergy Research Centers 2020 Update
Digestible Lignin. GLBRC researcher Rebecca Smith focuses on how to make lignin more digestible. Lignin is the notorious hard-to-process “glue” that lends plant tissues their structure and sturdiness.
Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center.
Documents this image has appeared in:
BERAC International Benchmarking: U.S. Scientific Leadership, Bioenergy Research Centers 2020 Update
Fatty acids mimic some of the high–energy density properties that characterize hydrocarbon components of petroleum-derived fuels. Pictured is a computational model of the crystal structure of a fatty acid synthase. Joint Bioenergy Institute research has facilitated the discovery of a variety of enzymes and metabolic pathways that enable the biochemical conversion of fatty acids to a range of industrially relevant compounds.
Courtesy Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory.
Documents this image has appeared in:
Bioenergy Research Centers 2020 Update
A new method uses Escherichia coli to generate DNA with methylation patterns that targeted microbes recognize and accept as their own, facilitating customization of microbes for biofuels production.
Oak Ridge National Laboratory.
Documents this image has appeared in:
Bioenergy Research Centers 2020 Update
Biojet Fuels and Optimizing the Production Pipeline for Biofuels
2020
Joint Bioenergy Institute scientists Nawa Baral (left) and Daniel Mendez-Perez (right) work on biojet fuel samples. Their research team is exploring how advances in production could make the plantbased jet fuels, currently under development at JBEI, price competitive with conventional fossil jet fuels.
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory.
Documents this image has appeared in:
Bioenergy Research Centers 2020 Update
The Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center is developing sustainable biofuels and bioproducts from all usable portions of dedicated energy crops grown on marginal, nonagricultural lands.
Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center.
Documents this image has appeared in:
Bioenergy Research Centers 2020 Update
Understanding gene function across multiple levels of biological organization is a key objective of the Department of Energy’s Genomic Science program.
BERIS
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Breaking the Bottleneck of Genomes
A model of Clostridiumthermocellum engineered for greater ethanol tolerance during bioprocessing and licensed by the BioEnergy Science Center to Enchi Corporation.
Courtesy National Renewable Energy Laboratory.
Documents this image has appeared in:
Bioenergy Research Centers 10-Year Retrospective
Study of Nature’s Best Biocatalysts for Biofuels Production. The microbe Clostridium thermocellum (stained green), seen growing on a piece of poplar biomass, was among several microorganisms evaluated in a comparative study analyzing their ability to solubilize potential bioenergy feedstocks.
Courtesy BioEnergy Science Center.
Documents this image has appeared in:
Bioenergy Research Centers 10-Year Retrospective
High-Yielding Sorghum Grass. Sorghum, CABBI’s first feedstock focus, has a genetic structure similar to sugarcane and Miscanthus, which are other notable energy crops. Bioengineering discoveries made in sorghum can transfer to its genetic cousins, increasing the research impact.
Courtesy Center for Advanced Bioenergy and Bioproducts Innovation.
Documents this image has appeared in:
Bioenergy Research Centers 2018 Update
Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center scientists are studying dedicated energy crops such as switchgrass which do not compete with food crops, can be grown on nonagricultural land, and have the potential to deliver a range of environmental benefits.
Courtesy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center.
Documents this image has appeared in:
Bioenergy Research Centers 10-Year Retrospective, Breaking the Bottleneck of Genomes
Largest-Ever Dataset of Genetic Variations in Poplar Trees. The BioEnergy Science Center (BESC) genome-wide association study dataset comprises more than 28 million single-nucleotide polymorphisms, or SNPs, derived from approximately 900 resequenced poplar genotypes. The information is proving useful to researchers in the fields of biofuels, materials science, and secondary plant metabolism.
Courtesy BioEnergy Science Center.
Documents this image has appeared in:
BERAC International Benchmarking: U.S. Scientific Leadership, Bioenergy Research Centers 10-Year Retrospective
Plants as Factories. CABBI is creating crops that can make ready-to-use fuels and other high-value chemicals directly in their bodies. The goal is to simply squeeze these ready-made products out of a plant’s stems and leaves.
Courtesy Center for Advanced Bioenergy and Bioproducts.
Documents this image has appeared in:
Bioenergy Research Centers 2018 Update
Flower-dotted marginal land in the foreground contrasts sharply with more uniform traditional croplands of corn and alfalfa in the distance. Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center (GLBRC) scientists have shown that perennial crops grown on marginal lands not currently in use for food production could provide large quantities of biomass and major ecological and environmental benefits.
Courtesy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center.
Documents this image has appeared in:
Bioenergy Research Centers 10-Year Retrospective
Innovation stemming from advanced biotechnology-based research is key to accelerating needed improvements in the sustainable production of lignocellulosic biomass, its deconstruction into sugars and lignin, and conversion.
U.S. DOE.
Documents this image has appeared in:
Bioenergy Research Centers 2018 Update
Developing Better Plants for Biofuels. Building a successful lignocellulosic biofuels industry depends, in part, on developing specialized biofuel crops that are optimized for deconstruction into sugars and fermentation into biofuels and bioproducts. Poplar is one of the nonfood bioenergy crops studied at Joint Bioenergy Institute.
Courtesy JBEI and Brookhaven National Laboratory.
Documents this image has appeared in:
Bioenergy Research Centers 10-Year Retrospective, Bioenergy Research Centers 2018 Update
During the deconstruction process, lignin is partially converted to molecules like stilbenes, which occur naturally in plants and some bacteria and may play a role in plant pathogen resistance. Enzymes such NOV1 could be used to produce valuable bioproducts from the breakdown of stilbenes and similar molecules.
Joint Bioenergy Institute and Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center researchers recently reported the atomic-level structure of NOV1 (pictured above), gaining insight into how the enzyme breaks down a stilbene substrate into two smaller compounds. (A) This protein fold view highlights the placement of iron (yellow), dioxygen (red), and resveratrol, a representative substrate (blue), in the active site of the enzyme. (B) This surface slice representation shows the shape of the active site cavity and the arrangement of iron, dioxygen, and resveratrol.
Courtesy Joint BioEnergy Institute and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory.
Documents this image has appeared in:
Bioenergy Research Centers 2018 Update
Assay Tool for Characterizing Plant Sugar Transporters. A family of six nucleotide sugar transporters never before described were characterized in Arabidopsis (pictured), a model plant for research in advanced biofuels.
Courtesy Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory.
Documents this image has appeared in:
Bioenergy Research Centers 10-Year Retrospective
Lignin is a key obstacle to extracting sugars from biomass. Researchers have redesigned lignin to include weak bonds, or “zips,” which make it much easier to break apart. Here, the feruloyl-coenzyme A monolignol transferase is expressed following introduction of weak bonds into the lignin of poplar tissue.
Zip-LigninTM technology, already licensed to an international leader in woody biomass processing, can reduce the cost of producing fuels and chemicals from many energy crops and enable pathways to new products from biomass.
Courtesy Shawn Mansfield, University of British Columbia (Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center).
Documents this image has appeared in:
Bioenergy Research Centers 10-Year Retrospective, Bioenergy Research Centers 2018 Update
Multiscale Studies of Plant and Microbial Systems and Their Interactions
2017
This illustration highlights the significance of understanding plant and microbial systems and their interactions across hierarchically complex levels of organization from the whole plant and tissue levels to the cellular, subcellular, and microbial community levels. Aboveground system: (1) Lignocellulosic biomass consists of heterogeneously composed stem biomass. (2) Cell growth and cell wall biosynthesis and remodeling are tightly regulated and coordinated across various subcellular compartments in response to internal and external cues. (3) The trans-Golgi network plays a central role in cell wall biosynthesis via transport of proteins (i.e., cellulose synthase complex and wall glycoproteins) and precursors (i.e., hemicellulose, pectin, and lignin) involved in wall polymer synthesis. (4) Understanding the effect of nucleotide sequence variation on protein structure and activity (i.e., sequence-function continuum) is critical for understanding and predicting functional outcomes of feedstock improvement programs based on advanced breeding or biosystems design strategies. Belowground system: (5) Plant roots and their associated microbial communities (in the rhizosphere) interact for mutual benefit. Microbial communities acquire sugars and other materials from plant roots and assist plant hosts with nutrient and water acquisition, provide pathogen defense, and mediate transformation of root tissues into soil organic matter. (6) From this plant-microbial association, soils are further developed into groups of soil particles (i.e., aggregates) that consist of plant and fungal debris; microbially derived organo-mineral associations; mycorrhizal fungal hyphae; organic matter colonized by saprophytic fungi, clay, and polysaccharides; and other pore-space chemicals.
lmage courtesy Udaya Kalluri, Oak Ridge National Laboratory. Soil aggregate illustration (6) modified from Jastrow and Miller 1998.
Documents this image has appeared in:
Technologies for Characterizing Molecular and Cellular Systems
Hyper-Spectral Imaging of Poplar Indicates Biogeochemistry
2017
The Advanced Plant Phenotyping Laboratory will gather multiple plant phenotypes at high throughput generating terabytes of data. Hyper-spectral images indicate leaf water, nitrogen, and biochemistry.
Courtesy Center for Bioenergy Innovation.
Documents this image has appeared in:
Bioenergy Research Centers 2022 Update
Examining the Impacts of DNA Compaction in Escherichia coli Using Multiple Techniques: An Example Use Case. Applying multiple experimental techniques enables elucidation of the molecular mechanisms underlying the role of DNA compaction in gene expression in E. coli. The histone (HU) proteins were imaged at different resolutions and stages using X-ray crystallography and small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) capabilities. The crystallography provides atomic-level details of how the HU proteins interact with the bacterial DNA, while SAXS shows how the HU proteins assemble and affect the longer DNA strands in a solution. X-ray tomography reveals the natural contrast in organic material in as close to a living state as possible and provides quantitative comparisons of how compacted the chromosomes are in pathogenic and normal E. coli strains.
Image courtesy Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory.
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Technologies for Characterizing Molecular and Cellular Systems
(a) Routes of carbon turnover in anoxic and oxic interface zones. Arrows with gas flux to the atmosphere represent potential emission routes. (b) Optical microscopy cross-section image of wetland plant aerenchyma. (c) Corresponding X-ray fluorescence image of nutrient elemental distributions within aerenchyma cross section in b. (d) Spatially resolved (25-micrometer resolution) iron X-ray absorption spectroscopy measurements of iron valence state in rhizoplane of wetland plant aerenchyma [red Fe(III)] and surrounding sediment [blue Fe(II)]. (e) Confocal microscopy image of cytoplasmic fluorescence-labeled rhizobacteria (Pseudomonas fluorescens SBW25) colonizing plant root cells.
Image courtesy Argonne National Laboratory.
Documents this image has appeared in:
Technologies for Characterizing Molecular and Cellular Systems
Anaerobic Fungi Isolated from the Digestive Tract of Large Herbivores
2017
These fungi thrive on the hydrolyzed sugars from crude biomass, potentially an aid in bioenergy production. As yet, there are no genetic tools that can modify the function of anaerobic fungi because of a lack of genomic information coupled with the formidable barrier of the fungal cell wall. In the image, helium ion microscopy illustrates growth of the novel isolate, Anaeromyces robustus, a depolymerizing crude reed canary grass.
Image courtesy Pacific Northwest National Laboratory.
Documents this image has appeared in:
Technologies for Characterizing Molecular and Cellular Systems
Structures of cellulose in plant cell wall and its hydrolysis challenges.
U.S. Department of Energy. [Microfibril structure adapted from J. K. C. Rose and A. B. Bennett, “Cooperative Disassembly of the Cellulose-Xyloglucan Network of Plant Cell Walls: Parallels Between Cell Expansion and Fruit Ripening,” Trends in Plant Science4, 176–83 (1999).
Soils are vital to our future supply of water and food, but they also play a critical role in adapting to climate change and sustaining the planet’s biosphere—the land, sea and atmosphere occupied by living things. With funding from the Laboratory Directed Research and Development program, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory researchers studied microbes from the typical rhizosphere found in the Northwest’s Central Cascades pine forests to better understand how microbes help stabilize carbon in soils. The rhizosphere is the small area surrounding plant roots where microbes interact with minerals in the soil—a hot spot for biogeochemical activity that is constantly changing. Microbes in the rhizosphere play a very important role in soil processes like mineral weathering and the transformation of soil organic matter.
Research Team: Alice Dohnalkova, Rosey Chu, Malak Tfaily, Alex Crump, Tamas Varga, Colin Brislawn and William Chrisler (PNNL).
This image was captured with the Helium Ion microscope in EMSL, the Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, a DOE national user facility at PNNL.
A magnified view of a microbe on Arabidopsis plant roots seemingly provides a “window” into the rhizosphere, or root zone. In fact, that’s exactly what a multi-institute research campaign is trying to frame—a view into the world of soil, roots and microorganisms. The image was obtained at EMSL, the Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, a U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science national scientific user facility located at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. The campaign includes scientists from EMSL, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, DOE’s Joint Genome Institute, Brookhaven National Laboratory, and the Universities of Minnesota and Missouri. Funded by DOE’s Office of Biological and Environmental Research, the study examines carbon presence and distribution within the root zone, and impacts to rhizosphere microbial community diversity and functions. Results could surface climate and environmental solutions.
Research team members: Ljiljana Paša-Tolić, Charles Ansong, Heather Brewer, Alice Dohnalkova, Abigail Ferrieri, Kim Hixson, Meng Markillie, Angela Norbeck and Galya Orr of PNNL’s Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate; Susannah Green Tringe (DOE-JGI), Richard Ferrieri (BNL), Mike Sadowsky, Chanlan Chun and Christopher Staley of the University of Minnesota; and Gary Stacey, Yaya Cui and Lihui Song of the University of Missouri.
The image was captured with a Helios Nanolab dual-beam focused ion beam/scanning electron microscope at EMSL and colorized by Alice Dohnalkova.
Molecular Science Challenges in Biological and Environmental Research. The Department of Energy’s (DOE) Biological and Environmental Research program (BER) supports research that spans an enormous breadth of spatial and temporal scales in the biological, climate, and environmental sciences. Fundamental molecular process research underpins an understanding of larger-scale phenomena of interest to BER and DOE.
Oak Ridge National Laboratory.
Documents this image has appeared in:
BER Molecular Science Challenges
Flowchart Comparing Potential Biomass- and Petroleum-Derived Products
2015
Today, petroleum-derived products are found in virtually all facets of human life, including transportation, recreation, communications, health, housing, food safety and supply, and textiles. Lignocellulosic biomass has the potential to (1) replace petroleum and natural gas as the raw material for producing these products and (2) provide new and improved properties that could enable new products and applications. As commercial-scale production of ethanol derived from lignocellulose is coming online, synthetic biology and metabolic engineering can be applied to convert lignocellulosic biomass into any number of chemical intermediates, building blocks, and final products. By no means exhaustive, this figure represents some examples of chemical intermediates and building blocks that could be gleaned from lignocellulosic biomass to make the same products currently derived from fossil feedstocks.
U.S. DOE.
Documents this image has appeared in:
Lignocellulosic Biomass for Advanced Biofuels and Bioproducts
Scanning electron micrograph of Clostridium cellulolyticum cells growing on switchgrass. Isolated from decaying grass compost, C. cellololyticum degrades cellulosic biomass using multienzyme complexes called cellulosomes.
BioEnergy Science Center and National Renewable Energy Laboratory.
Documents this image has appeared in:
Lignocellulosic Biomass for Advanced Biofuels and Bioproducts
Approximate Geographic Distribution of Potential Dedicated Biomass Crops
2015
Multiple crop types designed for various agroecosystems will require continued development to realize biomass yields for large-scale production of biofuels and bioproducts. As research progresses, new crop types could be added and the boundaries of their likely ranges could change. Agricultural residues (e.g., wheat straw, rice hulls, and corn stover) are not included on this map.
BERIS.
Documents this image has appeared in:
Lignocellulosic Biomass for Advanced Biofuels and Bioproducts
Molecular-Scale Processes and Biogeochemical Hot Spots
2015
White, yellow, and blue arrows correspond to pore-scale processes. White arrows highlight transfer of electrons between donors and acceptors; yellow corresponds to major microbial metabolic processes and their chemical products; and light blue arrows indicate microbial production of the enzymes that drive these processes. Light orange arrows indicate fluxes of biogeochemical products from hot spots across scales and time to other parts of the ecosystem.
SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory.
Documents this image has appeared in:
BER Molecular Science Challenges
As this cross-section of a corn stem reveals, lignin (stained red) accounts for a significant portion of the plant tissue. Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center researchers are studying lignin as a source of useful chemicals rather than just a waste product of biofuel production.
Image courtesy Illinois State University (GLBRC).
Documents this image has appeared in:
Bioenergy Research Centers 2014 Overview
Improving Tools for Studying Switchgrass. BioEnergy Science Center–developed genetic transformation protocols and databases for switchgrass are helping accelerate research of this bioenergy feedstock.
Image Courtesy University of Georgia.
Documents this image has appeared in:
Bioenergy Research Centers 2014 Overview
Great Lakes Bioenergy Researc Center researcher Terenzio Zenone checks instrumentation on a carbon dioxide flux tower in a switchgrass field in Michigan.
Image courtesy B. Zenone, Michigan State University.
Documents this image has appeared in:
Research for Sustainable Bioenergy
Designing Improved Bioenergy Crops with Model Plants
2014
April Liwanag, a research assistant in Joint Bioenergy Institute’s Feedstocks Division, checks on seedlings of Arabidopsis, one of two model plants researchers are studying in efforts to design improved bioenergy crops.
Image courtesy Joint Bioenergy Institute.
Documents this image has appeared in:
Bioenergy Research Centers 2014 Overview
Optimizing Plants for Biofuels. Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center researchers at Michigan State University are conducting Camelina field trials to increase the energy content of biofuel feedstocks.
Image courtesy Michigan State University (GLBRC).
Documents this image has appeared in:
Bioenergy Research Centers 10-Year Retrospective
National Renewable Energy Laboratory senior scientist Steve Decker watches a robot dispense samples of powdered biomass into a reactor plate as part of a high-throughput recalcitrance pipeline for studying sugar release in potential biofuel feedstocks.
Image courtesy National Renewable Energy Laboratory.
Documents this image has appeared in:
Bioenergy Research Centers 2014 Overview
Kelsey Yee operates a process-controlled Applikon fermenter to evaluate how well Caldicellulosiruptor obsidiansis (a consolidated bioprocessing microbe) ferments simple sugars derived from poplar pretreated with dilute acid.
Image Courtesy Oak Ridge National Laboratory.
Documents this image has appeared in:
Bioenergy Research Centers 2014 Overview
As the roots of Avena fatua push through soil to acquire nutrients and water, they also provide carbon to a complex microbial community inhabiting the soil environment adjacent to the plant roots.
Image courtesy Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory.
Documents this image has appeared in:
Research for Sustainable Bioenergy
Confocal microscope images of bacteria on the surface of poplar roots. Viable Pseudomonas sp. GM17 are stained green (with Syto9), and dead cells are stained red (with propidium iodide). The root surface is visualized by autofluorescence.
Courtesy J. L. Morrell-Falvey, Oak Ridge National Laboratory.
Documents this image has appeared in:
Research for Sustainable Bioenergy
Codeveloped by Joint Bioenergy Institute researchers, high-throughput nanostructure-initiator mass spectrometry (HT-NIMS) can be used to quickly and precisely determine the molecular composition of thousands of samples arrayed on a small slide of silicon. JBEI researchers are using the technology to screen for enzymes useful in biomass deconstruction.
Image Courtesy Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory.
Documents this image has appeared in:
Bioenergy Research Centers 2014 Overview
Scientists at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory study the microbial interactions in the plant root systems, the rhizosphere. The rhizosphere represents a critical zone where plant roots, microbes and minerals interface, and where biogeochemical weathering provides nutrients to plants. This research program will broaden understanding of the biogeochemistry of plant-microbe-soil interactions. Shown are the spores of an opportunistic soil fungus Penicillium sp. that associates with the plant roots, microbial biofilms and soil minerals.
Stick Representation of Acetazolamide Bound to its Human Target Enzyme
2013
Complementarity of Neutron and X-Ray Data. Ball-and-stick figure of AZM and zinc (magenta sphere) in the HCA II active site. Heavier sulfur atoms (red) are clearly visible in the electron density map (blue; contoured at 2.0s), while light deuterium atoms (cyan) are visible in the nuclear density map (yellow; contoured at 1.5 s).
Courtesy Argonne National Laboratory.
Documents this image has appeared in:
Advanced Technologies for Biology
Structures of GH3 Protein Binding Sites in Arabidopsis thaliana
2013
Comparison of GH3 Protein Binding Sites. In plants, GH3 proteins act as molecular on/off switches that control bioactive plant hormone formation by catalyzing the addition of specific amino acids to jasmonic acid, auxin, and benzoates. X-ray structures of GH3 proteins reveal a common three-dimensional fold but variability in the hormone binding site. This figure shows the variation in the jasmonic acid binding site of Arabidopsis thaliana GH3.11/JAR1 (gold) and the salicylic acid binding site of A. thaliana GH3.12/PBS3 (green).
Courtesy Argonne National Laboratory.
Documents this image has appeared in:
Advanced Technologies for Biology
Bacteria are prokaryotes—single-celled organisms that lack a nucleus. Because no nuclear membrane separates a bacterium’s genome from ribosomes and other cellular contents, protein synthesis can start before an mRNA transcript is complete. Bacterial genes do not have introns (noncoding regions of DNA). Thus editing mRNA transcripts, which involves removing introns prior to protein synthesis, is not needed.
Plants are eukaryotes—organisms with cells that contain a membrane-bound nucleus. A eukaryote’s DNA is in the nucleus where mRNA is transcribed. The genes in plants and other eukaryotic organisms, such as humans and animals, contain noncoding regions called introns. In the nucleus, introns are removed from mRNA transcripts, and the remaining coding regions (called exons) are spliced back together. Once edited, the mRNA is transported outside the nucleus for translation into proteins by ribosomes.
Caption from 2010 publication: Joint Bioenergy Institute’s director of Grass Genomics, Pam Ronald, in the Miscanthus plot at the University of California, Davis.
Photo courtesty of Dan Putnam, University of California–Davis.
Documents this image has appeared in:
Bioenergy Research Centers 2010 Overview of the Science
These confocal fluorescence images show switchgrass cell walls (A) before pretreatment with the EmimAc ionic liquid and (B) 10 minutes after treatment, in which the cell walls have swollen in size, a prelude to complete solubilization of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin.
Image courtesy Seema Singh, Sandia National Laboratories.
Documents this image has appeared in:
Bioenergy Research Centers 2010 Overview of the Science
To improve the sustainability of crops and agricultural residues used for energy production, Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center researchers are studying the symbiotic associations of crop roots with arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi. Interactions with AM fungi benefit host plants by improving the uptake of nutrients, especially phosphorus, nitrogen, and potassium from the soil. Establishing these symbiotic associations in crops grown under suboptimal conditions has the potential to increase biomass production while limiting use of fertilizers and pesticides.
Photo courtesy of the Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center.
Documents this image has appeared in:
Bioenergy Research Centers 2010 Overview of the Science
The global carbon cycle is determined by the interactions of climate, the environment, and Earth’s living systems at many levels, from global to molecular. Relating processes, phenomena, and properties across spatial and temporal scales is critical for deriving a predictive mechanistic understanding of the global carbon cycle to support more precise projections of climate change and its impacts. The domains of climate, ecosystem, and molecular biology research each has a limited reach in scales, constrained by the complexity of these systems and limitations in empirical and modeling capabilities. While linking comprehensively from genomes to global phenomena is intractable, many connections at intermediate scales are viable with integrated application of new systems biology approaches and powerful analytical and modeling techniques at the physiological and ecosystem levels. Biological responses (blue) are to the right of the systems ovals, and climate and environmental factors (green) are to the left of the systems ovals.
Globe portion of figure courtesy of Gary Strand, National Center for Atmospheric Research, with funding from the National Science Foundation and the Department of Energy.
Documents this image has appeared in:
Carbon Cycling and Biosequestration
In the oceans, the marine biosphere does not take up CO2 directly from the atmosphere. The physical processes controlling the sinking of CO2 into colder, deeper waters (where CO2 is more soluble) and the mixing of ocean water at intermediate depths are known collectively as the “solubility pump.” Phytoplankton photosynthesis converts CO2 into organic carbon that is largely returned to ocean water as CO2 via microbial respiration and decomposition. The “biological pump” refers to the small fraction of organic carbon that forms into degradationresistant clumps and sinks to the ocean floor. Together the solubility and biological pumps control the amount of carbon transported to ocean depths and the exchange of CO2 between ocean and atmosphere.
U.S. DOE.
Documents this image has appeared in:
Carbon Cycling and Biosequestration
The estimated number of human genes is only one-third as great as previously thought, although the numbers may be revised as more computational and experimental analyses are performed. Scientists suggest that the genetic key to human complexity lies not in gene number but in how gene parts are used to build different products in a process called alternative splicing. Other underlying reasons for greater complexity are the thousands of chemical modifications made to proteins and the repertoire of regulatory mechanisms controlling these processes.
U.S. DOE.
Documents this image has appeared in:
Human Genome Project 2008 Primer
Biotechnology offers the promise of dramatically increasing ethanol production using cellulose, the most abundant biological material on earth, and other polysaccharides (hemicellulose). Residue including post-harvest corn plants (stover) and timber residues could be used, as well as such specialized high-biomass “energy” crops as domesticated poplar trees and switchgrass.
Biotechnology offers the promise of dramatically increasing ethanol production using cellulose, the most abundant biological material on earth, and other polysaccharides (hemicellulose). Residue including postharvest corn plants (stover) and timber residues could be used, as well as such specialized high-biomass “energy” crops as domesticated poplar trees and switchgrass.
Biotechnology offers the promise of dramatically increasing ethanol production using cellulose, the most abundant biological material on earth, and other polysaccharides (hemicellulose). Residue including post-harvest corn plants (stover) and timber residues could be used, as well as such specialized high-biomass “energy” crops as domesticated poplar trees and switchgrass.
Miscanthus Growth over a Single Growing Season in Illinois
2006
Miscanthus has been explored extensively as a potential energy crop in Europe and now is being tested in the United States. The scale is in feet. These experiments demonstrate results that are feasible in development of energy crops. (Caption from 2006)
Microbial communities and ecosystems must be probed at the environmental, community, cellular, subcellular, and molecular levels. The environmental structure of a community will be examined to define members and their locations, community dynamics, and structure-function links. Cells will be explored to detect and track both extra- and intercellular states and to determine the dynamics of molecules involved in intercellular communications. Probing must be done at the subcellular level to detect, localize, and track individual molecules. Preferably, measurements will be made in living systems over extended time scales and at the highest resolution. A number of techniques are emerging to address these demanding requirements; a brief listing is on the right side of the figure.
U.S. DOE.
Documents this image has appeared in:
Breaking the Biological Barriers to Cellulosic Ethanol
Molecular complexes involved in mediating electron flow from water to carbon-fixing or hydrogen-production reactions make up the photosynthetic electron-transport chain found in the thylakoid membranes of cyanobacteria and green algae. In eukaryotic green algae, thylakoid membranes are housed within a cellular organelle known as the chloroplast; in prokaryotic cyanobacteria, thylakoids are found in the cytoplasm as an intracellular membrane system
U.S. DOE.
Documents this image has appeared in:
Genomics GTL
An overview of steps involved in using light energy to produce carbohydrates or hydrogen: (1) light absorption by photosystem II initiates the photosynthetic pathway; (2) electron transport through the cytochrome complex generates a πroton gradient; (3) light absorption by photosystem I excites electrons and facilitates electron transfer to an electron acceptor outside the thylakoid membrane; (4) under certain conditions, ferredoxin can carry electrons to hydrogenase; and (5) dissipation of proton gradient is used to synthesize adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
U.S. DOE.
Documents this image has appeared in:
Genomics GTL
Transformation and Transport in Soil. These processes can result in sequestration of carbon in the soil as organic matter or in groundwater as dissolved carbonates, increased emissions of CO2 to the atmosphere, or export of carbon in various forms into aquatic systems.
U.S. DOE.
Documents this image has appeared in:
Carbon Cycling and Biosequestration, Genomics GTL
Magenta and green. These regions reflect the unique patterns of light and dark bands seen on human chromosomes that have been stained to allow viewing through a light microscope.
Red. The centromere, or constricted portion, of each chromosome.
Yellow. Chromosomal regions that vary in staining intensity and are sometimes called heterochromatin (meaning “different color”).
Yellow with thin magenta horizontal lines. Denote variable regions, called stalks, that connect a very small chromosome arm (a “satellite”) to the chromosome.
Documents this image has appeared in:
Human Genome Landmarks: Selected Genes, Traits, and Disorders
Magenta and green. These regions reflect the unique patterns of light and dark bands seen on human chromosomes that have been stained to allow viewing through a light microscope.
Red. The centromere, or constricted portion, of each chromosome.
Yellow. Chromosomal regions that vary in staining intensity and are sometimes called heterochromatin (meaning “different color”).
Yellow with thin magenta horizontal lines. Denote variable regions, called stalks, that connect a very small chromosome arm (a “satellite”) to the chromosome.
BERIS
Documents this image has appeared in:
Human Genome Landmarks: Selected Genes, Traits, and Disorders
Magenta and green. These regions reflect the unique patterns of light and dark bands seen on human chromosomes that have been stained to allow viewing through a light microscope.
Red. The centromere, or constricted portion, of each chromosome.
Yellow. Chromosomal regions that vary in staining intensity and are sometimes called heterochromatin (meaning “different color”).
Yellow with thin magenta horizontal lines. Denote variable regions, called stalks, that connect a very small chromosome arm (a “satellite”) to the chromosome.
BERIS
Documents this image has appeared in:
Human Genome Landmarks: Selected Genes, Traits, and Disorders
Magenta and green. These regions reflect the unique patterns of light and dark bands seen on human chromosomes that have been stained to allow viewing through a light microscope.
Red. The centromere, or constricted portion, of each chromosome.
Yellow. Chromosomal regions that vary in staining intensity and are sometimes called heterochromatin (meaning “different color”).
Yellow with thin magenta horizontal lines. Denote variable regions, called stalks, that connect a very small chromosome arm (a “satellite”) to the chromosome.
BERIS
Documents this image has appeared in:
Human Genome Landmarks: Selected Genes, Traits, and Disorders
Magenta and green. These regions reflect the unique patterns of light and dark bands seen on human chromosomes that have been stained to allow viewing through a light microscope.
Red. The centromere, or constricted portion, of each chromosome.
Yellow. Chromosomal regions that vary in staining intensity and are sometimes called heterochromatin (meaning “different color”).
Yellow with thin magenta horizontal lines. Denote variable regions, called stalks, that connect a very small chromosome arm (a “satellite”) to the chromosome.
BERIS
Documents this image has appeared in:
Human Genome Landmarks: Selected Genes, Traits, and Disorders
Magenta and green. These regions reflect the unique patterns of light and dark bands seen on human chromosomes that have been stained to allow viewing through a light microscope.
Red. The centromere, or constricted portion, of each chromosome.
Yellow. Chromosomal regions that vary in staining intensity and are sometimes called heterochromatin (meaning “different color”).
Yellow with thin magenta horizontal lines. Denote variable regions, called stalks, that connect a very small chromosome arm (a “satellite”) to the chromosome.
BERIS
Documents this image has appeared in:
Human Genome Landmarks: Selected Genes, Traits, and Disorders
Magenta and green. These regions reflect the unique patterns of light and dark bands seen on human chromosomes that have been stained to allow viewing through a light microscope.
Red. The centromere, or constricted portion, of each chromosome.
Yellow. Chromosomal regions that vary in staining intensity and are sometimes called heterochromatin (meaning “different color”).
Yellow with thin magenta horizontal lines. Denote variable regions, called stalks, that connect a very small chromosome arm (a “satellite”) to the chromosome.
BERIS
Documents this image has appeared in:
Human Genome Landmarks: Selected Genes, Traits, and Disorders
Magenta and green. These regions reflect the unique patterns of light and dark bands seen on human chromosomes that have been stained to allow viewing through a light microscope.
Red. The centromere, or constricted portion, of each chromosome.
Yellow. Chromosomal regions that vary in staining intensity and are sometimes called heterochromatin (meaning “different color”).
Yellow with thin magenta horizontal lines. Denote variable regions, called stalks, that connect a very small chromosome arm (a “satellite”) to the chromosome.
BERIS
Documents this image has appeared in:
Human Genome Landmarks: Selected Genes, Traits, and Disorders
Magenta and green. These regions reflect the unique patterns of light and dark bands seen on human chromosomes that have been stained to allow viewing through a light microscope.
Red. The centromere, or constricted portion, of each chromosome.
Yellow. Chromosomal regions that vary in staining intensity and are sometimes called heterochromatin (meaning “different color”).
Yellow with thin magenta horizontal lines. Denote variable regions, called stalks, that connect a very small chromosome arm (a “satellite”) to the chromosome.
BERIS
Documents this image has appeared in:
Human Genome Landmarks: Selected Genes, Traits, and Disorders
Magenta and green. These regions reflect the unique patterns of light and dark bands seen on human chromosomes that have been stained to allow viewing through a light microscope.
Red. The centromere, or constricted portion, of each chromosome.
Yellow. Chromosomal regions that vary in staining intensity and are sometimes called heterochromatin (meaning “different color”).
Yellow with thin magenta horizontal lines. Denote variable regions, called stalks, that connect a very small chromosome arm (a “satellite”) to the chromosome.
BERIS
Documents this image has appeared in:
Human Genome Landmarks: Selected Genes, Traits, and Disorders
Magenta and green. These regions reflect the unique patterns of light and dark bands seen on human chromosomes that have been stained to allow viewing through a light microscope.
Red. The centromere, or constricted portion, of each chromosome.
Yellow. Chromosomal regions that vary in staining intensity and are sometimes called heterochromatin (meaning “different color”).
Yellow with thin magenta horizontal lines. Denote variable regions, called stalks, that connect a very small chromosome arm (a “satellite”) to the chromosome.
BERIS
Documents this image has appeared in:
Human Genome Landmarks: Selected Genes, Traits, and Disorders
Magenta and green. These regions reflect the unique patterns of light and dark bands seen on human chromosomes that have been stained to allow viewing through a light microscope.
Red. The centromere, or constricted portion, of each chromosome.
Yellow. Chromosomal regions that vary in staining intensity and are sometimes called heterochromatin (meaning “different color”).
Yellow with thin magenta horizontal lines. Denote variable regions, called stalks, that connect a very small chromosome arm (a “satellite”) to the chromosome.
BERIS
Documents this image has appeared in:
Human Genome Landmarks: Selected Genes, Traits, and Disorders
Magenta and green. These regions reflect the unique patterns of light and dark bands seen on human chromosomes that have been stained to allow viewing through a light microscope.
Red. The centromere, or constricted portion, of each chromosome.
Yellow. Chromosomal regions that vary in staining intensity and are sometimes called heterochromatin (meaning “different color”).
Yellow with thin magenta horizontal lines. Denote variable regions, called stalks, that connect a very small chromosome arm (a “satellite”) to the chromosome.
BERIS
Documents this image has appeared in:
Human Genome Landmarks: Selected Genes, Traits, and Disorders
Magenta and green. These regions reflect the unique patterns of light and dark bands seen on human chromosomes that have been stained to allow viewing through a light microscope.
Red. The centromere, or constricted portion, of each chromosome.
Yellow. Chromosomal regions that vary in staining intensity and are sometimes called heterochromatin (meaning “different color”).
Yellow with thin magenta horizontal lines. Denote variable regions, called stalks, that connect a very small chromosome arm (a “satellite”) to the chromosome.
BERIS
Documents this image has appeared in:
Human Genome Landmarks: Selected Genes, Traits, and Disorders
Magenta and green. These regions reflect the unique patterns of light and dark bands seen on human chromosomes that have been stained to allow viewing through a light microscope.
Red. The centromere, or constricted portion, of each chromosome.
Yellow. Chromosomal regions that vary in staining intensity and are sometimes called heterochromatin (meaning “different color”).
Yellow with thin magenta horizontal lines. Denote variable regions, called stalks, that connect a very small chromosome arm (a “satellite”) to the chromosome.
BERIS
Documents this image has appeared in:
Human Genome Landmarks: Selected Genes, Traits, and Disorders
Magenta and green. These regions reflect the unique patterns of light and dark bands seen on human chromosomes that have been stained to allow viewing through a light microscope.
Red. The centromere, or constricted portion, of each chromosome.
Yellow. Chromosomal regions that vary in staining intensity and are sometimes called heterochromatin (meaning “different color”).
Yellow with thin magenta horizontal lines. Denote variable regions, called stalks, that connect a very small chromosome arm (a “satellite”) to the chromosome.
BERIS
Documents this image has appeared in:
Human Genome Landmarks: Selected Genes, Traits, and Disorders
Magenta and green. These regions reflect the unique patterns of light and dark bands seen on human chromosomes that have been stained to allow viewing through a light microscope.
Red. The centromere, or constricted portion, of each chromosome.
Yellow. Chromosomal regions that vary in staining intensity and are sometimes called heterochromatin (meaning “different color”).
Yellow with thin magenta horizontal lines. Denote variable regions, called stalks, that connect a very small chromosome arm (a “satellite”) to the chromosome.
BERIS
Documents this image has appeared in:
Human Genome Landmarks: Selected Genes, Traits, and Disorders
Magenta and green. These regions reflect the unique patterns of light and dark bands seen on human chromosomes that have been stained to allow viewing through a light microscope.
Red. The centromere, or constricted portion, of each chromosome.
Yellow. Chromosomal regions that vary in staining intensity and are sometimes called heterochromatin (meaning “different color”).
Yellow with thin magenta horizontal lines. Denote variable regions, called stalks, that connect a very small chromosome arm (a “satellite”) to the chromosome.
BERIS
Documents this image has appeared in:
Human Genome Landmarks: Selected Genes, Traits, and Disorders
Magenta and green. These regions reflect the unique patterns of light and dark bands seen on human chromosomes that have been stained to allow viewing through a light microscope.
Red. The centromere, or constricted portion, of each chromosome.
Yellow. Chromosomal regions that vary in staining intensity and are sometimes called heterochromatin (meaning “different color”).
Yellow with thin magenta horizontal lines. Denote variable regions, called stalks, that connect a very small chromosome arm (a “satellite”) to the chromosome.
BERIS
Documents this image has appeared in:
Human Genome Landmarks: Selected Genes, Traits, and Disorders
Magenta and green. These regions reflect the unique patterns of light and dark bands seen on human chromosomes that have been stained to allow viewing through a light microscope.
Red. The centromere, or constricted portion, of each chromosome.
Yellow. Chromosomal regions that vary in staining intensity and are sometimes called heterochromatin (meaning “different color”).
Yellow with thin magenta horizontal lines. Denote variable regions, called stalks, that connect a very small chromosome arm (a “satellite”) to the chromosome.
BERIS
Documents this image has appeared in:
Human Genome Landmarks: Selected Genes, Traits, and Disorders
Magenta and green. These regions reflect the unique patterns of light and dark bands seen on human chromosomes that have been stained to allow viewing through a light microscope.
Red. The centromere, or constricted portion, of each chromosome.
Yellow. Chromosomal regions that vary in staining intensity and are sometimes called heterochromatin (meaning “different color”).
Yellow with thin magenta horizontal lines. Denote variable regions, called stalks, that connect a very small chromosome arm (a “satellite”) to the chromosome.
BERIS
Documents this image has appeared in:
Human Genome Landmarks: Selected Genes, Traits, and Disorders
Magenta and green. These regions reflect the unique patterns of light and dark bands seen on human chromosomes that have been stained to allow viewing through a light microscope.
Red. The centromere, or constricted portion, of each chromosome.
Yellow. Chromosomal regions that vary in staining intensity and are sometimes called heterochromatin (meaning “different color”).
Yellow with thin magenta horizontal lines. Denote variable regions, called stalks, that connect a very small chromosome arm (a “satellite”) to the chromosome.
BERIS
Documents this image has appeared in:
Human Genome Landmarks: Selected Genes, Traits, and Disorders
Magenta and green. These regions reflect the unique patterns of light and dark bands seen on human chromosomes that have been stained to allow viewing through a light microscope.
Red. The centromere, or constricted portion, of each chromosome.
Yellow. Chromosomal regions that vary in staining intensity and are sometimes called heterochromatin (meaning “different color”).
Yellow with thin magenta horizontal lines. Denote variable regions, called stalks, that connect a very small chromosome arm (a “satellite”) to the chromosome.
BERIS
Documents this image has appeared in:
Human Genome Landmarks: Selected Genes, Traits, and Disorders
Magenta and green. These regions reflect the unique patterns of light and dark bands seen on human chromosomes that have been stained to allow viewing through a light microscope.
Red. The centromere, or constricted portion, of each chromosome.
Yellow. Chromosomal regions that vary in staining intensity and are sometimes called heterochromatin (meaning “different color”).
Yellow with thin magenta horizontal lines. Denote variable regions, called stalks, that connect a very small chromosome arm (a “satellite”) to the chromosome.
BERIS
Documents this image has appeared in:
Human Genome Landmarks: Selected Genes, Traits, and Disorders
The figure at left demonstrates the genetic similarity (homology) of the superficially dissimilar mouse and human species. The similarity is such that human chromosomes can be cut (schematically at least) into about 150 pieces (only about 100 are large enough to appear here), then reassembled into a reasonable approximation of the mouse genome. The colors and corresponding numbers on the mouse chromosomes indicate the human chromosomes containing the homologous segments.
Courtesy Lisa Stubbs, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory.
Documents this image has appeared in:
To Know Ourselves
